What are blood types?

Everybody has one of 4 blood types (A, B, AB or O). You inherit your blood group from your parents.

These blood types are further identified as being either positive or negative. For example, your blood type can be A positive or A negative. The ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ shows your 'Rhesus factor' (RhD), which identifies if you have a protein known as 'D antigen' on the surface of your red blood cells.

Why is your blood type important during pregnancy?

Being RhD negative isn’t usually a problem unless you are pregnant and your baby happens to be RhD positive. This can happen if the baby’s biological father is RhD positive.

Around 17 in every 100 people in Australia have a negative blood type.

Your baby’s blood type is inherited from both parents. For this reason, a baby may have a different blood type to its parents. This is normal and usually not a problem. However, in some cases, these differences can be very important.

If your blood type is RhD negative, and your baby’s RhD positive, problems can occur if a small amount of your baby’s blood enters your bloodstream during pregnancy or birth. This is called a 'sensitising event' and can lead to a condition in an unborn baby and newborn, called haemolytic disease of the newborn. Both will be explained below.

What is haemolytic disease of the newborn?

Haemolytic disease of the newborn is a condition in an unborn baby and newborn that can happen if a small amount of your baby’s red blood cells cross the placenta into your bloodstream. This causes your immune system to react by producing antibodies to destroy your baby’s red blood cells. If these antibodies develop, they will not normally affect your first pregnancy.

Your immune system, however, has a good memory, and can produce high levels of these antibodies if there is contact with RhD positive blood in a future pregnancy.

This may lead to serious complications for your baby, such as severe anaemia, brain damage and even death in some cases.

Due to the potential serious effects of haemolytic disease of the newborn, prevention is the key.

Can haemolytic disease of the newborn be prevented?

Haemolytic disease of the newborn is uncommon these days. This is because it can usually be prevented with injections of a medicine called 'anti-D'.

You will be offered blood tests as part of your antenatal screening, so you will be told if your blood is RhD negative or positive at the start of your pregnancy.

If you have RhD negative blood, you may also be offered an injection of this medication if there is any concern that your baby’s blood may have crossed the placenta into your bloodstream. This is known as a 'sensitising event'.

What is anti-D?

Anti-D is an injection containing anti-D immunoglobulin, a blood product made up of plasma, that helps prevent rhesus (RhD) sensitisation. It is offered to RhD-negative individuals during pregnancy to reduce the risk of developing antibodies against RhD-positive blood.

The anti-D injection is safe for both you and your baby.

Can I find out my baby’s blood type before they are born?

Currently, the only way to find out for sure what your baby’s blood type is, and if they’re RhD positive, is after they are born, once their umbilical cord blood is available for testing.

A genetic screening test is also available for pregnant women who are RhD negative that can predict the RhD antigen status of their unborn baby. The test is called a 'Rhesus D non-invasive prenatal test' (RhD NIPT), and can be done from 11 weeks pregnant. This screening blood test looks at a sample of your baby’s DNA that is found in your blood, making it possible to predict whether your baby is RhD negative or RhD positive.

This screening test has been found to be highly reliable with more than 99% accuracy in its prediction.

In Australia, this genetic screening test has previously been reserved for women experiencing serious pregnancy complications including anti-D alloimmunisation; severe fetal maternal haemorrhage; or other rare scenarios, such as an allergy to the anti-D immunoglobulin.

However, recent changes to the Medicare billing scheme that provides improved access for all pregnant women who are RhD negative to access this test.

It is hoped that having wider access to RhD NIPT will allow for only women who are having a baby that is RhD positive will need to have the anti-D injections.

In Australia, there are only a few donors of RhD immunoglobulin, so supply is limited.

If you do not have access to RhD NIPT, and you are RhD negative, you will still be offered the anti-D injections, regardless of knowing your baby’s RhD status.

For more information about this test and to find out whether it is available to you, speak to your midwife or doctor.

Its important to note that while this test has been found to be highly reliable, the screening test only predicts if your baby is RhD negative or positive to guide the use of anti-D injections. A blood test will still need to be performed after your baby is born to confirm your baby’s blood type.

When might I be offered an anti-D injection?

You may be offered an anti-D injection at 28 and 34 weeks of pregnancy if your blood is rhesus negative. If your baby’s blood is found to be RhD positive after birth, a further dose of anti-D may be offered to you.

The anti-D injection may also be recommended if there is concern about a sensitising event (see above).

• If you are less than 10 weeks pregnant and have an abortion (termination), anti-D is not usually required. However, this may depend on your individual circumstance and your care needs. Always speak to your healthcare team about what is right for you.
• Anti-D should be given within 72 hours (3 days) of the sensitising event. However, it can still be given after this time.

If you have already developed anti-D antibodies in a previous pregnancy you won’t need another injection in your next pregnancy. Your future pregnancies will be monitored more closely than usual, as will your baby after birth.

There is not enough evidence to suggest that RhD negative women who experience bleeding in their first 12 weeks of pregnancy need anti-D. However, if the bleeding is repeated, heavy or associated with abdominal pain or significant pelvic trauma, anti-D may be recommended.

If you have had fetal Rhesus D (RhD) antigen screening, such as a Rhesus D non-invasive prenatal test (RhD NIPT), anti-D injections may not be required. Your midwife or doctor will discuss this with you and recommend the best approach for your care.

Can haemolytic disease of the newborn be treated?

If an unborn baby does develop rhesus disease, it can be treated. The recommended treatment will depend on how severely your baby is affected.

After birth, your baby will likely be admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (a hospital unit that specialises in caring for newborn babies).

Treatment for haemolytic disease of the newborn after birth can include:

• light treatment (known as phototherapy)
• blood transfusions
• an injection of a solution of antibodies (intravenous immunoglobulin, also known as IVIG) to prevent red blood cells from being destroyed

If haemolytic disease of the newborn is not treated, severe cases can lead to stillbirth. In other cases, it could lead to brain damage, learning difficulties, deafness and blindness. However, treatment is usually effective and these problems are uncommon.

Resources and support

If you have any questions about the risks and benefits of anti-D, or your treatment generally, speak to your doctor or midwife.